Quiz Accademia Marina 2024

Read the passage and complete the sentence or answer the related question on the basis of what is explicitly or implicitly stated in the text Text n. 53 One core property of human languages is known as “duality of patterning”: meaningful linguistic units (such as words) break down into smaller meaningless units (sounds), so that the words “sap”, “pass”, and “asp” involve different combinations of the same sounds, even though their meanings are unrelated. It's not hard to imagine that things could have been otherwise. We could have a language in which sounds relate to their meanings. But there are stark advantages to duality of patterning. Try inventing a lexicon of tens of thousands of distinct noises, all of which are easily distinguished, and you will probably find yourself wishing you could simply re-use a few snippets of sound in varying arrangements. The dominant thinking until recently was that universal linguistic properties reflect genetic predispositions. Under this view, duality of patterning is much like an opposable thumb: it evolved within our species because it was advantageous, and now exists as part of our genetic heritage. We are born expecting language to have “duality of patterning”. What to make, then, of the recent discovery of a language whose words are not made from smaller, meaningless units? Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language (ABSL) is a new sign language emerging in a village, with high rates of deafness, in Israel. Words in this language correspond to holistic gestures. ABSL provides fodder for researchers who reject the idea that there's a genetic basis for the similarities across languages. Instead, they argue, languages share certain properties because they all have to solve similar problems of communication under similar pressures, that reflect the limits of human abilities to learn, remember, and perceive information. The challenge is to explain why ABSL is an outlier - if “duality of patterning” is the optimal solution to the problem of creating words, why hasn't ABSL made use of it? One possible explanation is that the vocabulary of ABSL hasn't yet reached a critical mass that would force it into a more combinatorial system for word-creation. The signs of ABSL, though, may be easier to learn because many of them are concretely related to the things they symbolize - for example, the sign for “lemon” resembles the motion of squeezing a lemon. Another lab study found that both large vocabularies and abstract symbols encouraged the birth of “duality of patterning” in artificial languages. Concreteness may be easier to achieve in a gestural language, simply because you can illustrate more ideas using your hands than by making sounds. Researchers don't yet have a clear answer, but systematic lab studies may help solve this puzzle, as may the evolution of ABSL itself. Why is ABSL so surprising to many linguists?

Qual è il dovere di tutti i cittadini?

Qual è quel numero il cui 15% è uguale a 30?

Read the passage and complete the sentence or answer the related question on the basis of what is explicitly or implicitly stated in the text Text n. 67 J. Piaget was the initiator of the “developmental psychology”, arguing that development arises from: • gifted innate individuals; • and environmental context. He dealt with, in a rigorously logical and scientific framework, the theme of the “epistemological” relationship between: • a knowing subject; • and an object to be known or known. Inside, our mind operates on the principle of organization, understood as “the agreement of thought with itself”; on the exterior, however, the mind follows the principle of adaptation, in turn, understood as “the agreement of thought with things”. The “process of adapting thought to reality” is through mechanisms of: • assimilation; • and arrangement. According to the principle of balance, finally, the continuous adaptation between “assimilation” and “arrangement” will always generate a new equilibrium. The phases of this process are identified in “four stages”, each characterized by different interaction between: • individual; • and environment. Each stage incorporates and transforms the previous one, whereby the result being that learning comes from development. The influence of Piaget's ideas in “developmental psychology” has been enormous. He changed how people viewed the child's world and their methods of studying children. He was an inspiration to many who came after and took up his ideas. Piaget's ideas have generated a huge amount of research, which has increased our understanding of “cognitive development”. His ideas have been of practical use in understanding and communicating with children, particularly in the field of education. But his ideas were not totally accepted. As an illustrative instance, “are the stages real”? Vygotsky and Bruner would rather not talk about stages at all, preferring to see development as a “continuous process”. Others have queried the age ranges of the stages. Some studies have shown that progress to the “formal operational stage” is not guaranteed. For example: • Keating reported that 40-60% of college students fail at formal operation tasks; • and Dasen states that only one-third of adults ever reach the formal operational stage. In addition, because Piaget concentrated on the universal stages of: • cognitive development; • and biological maturation, he failed to consider the effect that the social setting and culture may have on “cognitive development”. For Piaget, language is seen as “secondary” to action: i.e. thought precedes language. The Russian psychologist Vygotsky argues that: • the development of language and thought go together; • and the origin of reasoning has more to do with our ability to communicate with others than with our interaction with the material world. In the last paragraph, the author's purpose is to:

La Costituzione italiana, all'art. 9, tutela...

Quando due circonferenze hanno la distanza dei centri congruente alla somma dei loro raggi e un solo punto in comune, si dicono:

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Read the following passage carefully and answer the question or complete the sentence given below them Text 9 Please note that you should read the kit instructions carefully before making any attempt to mount these bookshelves without the help of a trained carpenter. Use two-inch nails made of steel only, as iron nails will splinter the wood surface. Ensure that the wall chosen for the bookshelves has a solid plaster finish, as a cracked or damaged wall cannot bear the weight of the vertical support rods. Mount the lower shelves first, as stated in the kit instructions. Sandpaper each surface before applying paint. What could damage the surface of the wood?

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L'equazione Tocca l'immagine per ingrandire :